⁶⁷ University of Sydney, “Scientists put stopwatch on cannabis THC intoxication,” 2021.
⁶⁸ Id.
location-links ⁶⁹ Karschner, E. L., et al. “Plasma Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics in Chronic, Daily Cannabis Smokers during Sustained Abstinence,” Clinical Chemistry, 2009.
⁷⁰ Id.
⁷¹ Ramaekers, J. G., et al. “Cognition and motor control as a function of Delta9-THC concentration in serum and oral fluid,” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2016.
⁷² Id.
⁷³ DUID Victim Voices, 2025.
⁷⁴ Id.
⁷⁵ Id.
⁷⁶ See Colorado Judicial Branch, Annual Statistical Reports.
⁷⁷ Washington Traffic Safety Commission, “Patrol and Prosecutor Perspectives on DRE and Drugged Driving Evidence,” 2021.
⁷⁸ Id.
⁷⁹ A.R.S. § 36-2852(C).
⁸⁰ Responsibility.org, “Understanding the Costs of an Impaired Driving Conviction,” 2023.
⁸¹ Id.
⁸² American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), “A Tale of Two Countries: Racially Targeted Arrests in the Era of Marijuana Reform,” 2020.
⁸³ Id.
⁸⁴ ACLU, 2020.
⁸⁵ See reports from the RAND Drug Policy Research Center.
⁸⁶ Papafotiou, K., et al. “An evaluation of the sensitivity of the Standardised Field Sobriety Tests (SFSTs) to detect impairment due to cannabis,” Psychopharmacology, 2005.
⁸⁷ Id.
⁸⁸ International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), “Drug Recognition Expert Program,” 2024.
⁸⁹ Shinar, D., et al. “The 2013–2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers,” NHTSA, 2015.
⁹⁰ Lenne, M. G., et al. “The effects of cannabis and alcohol on simulated arterial driving: Influences of driving experience and task demand,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2010.
⁹¹ See DRUIDapp.com for research and validation studies.
⁹² Id.
⁹³ Nassau, D. R., et al. “Ocular metrics to detect cannabis-induced impairment,” Journal of the American Medical Association Ophthalmology, 2022.
⁹⁴ Hound Labs, Inc. and SannTek Labs research publications.
⁹⁵ A.R.S. §§ 28-1381, 36-2852.
⁹⁶ Id.
⁹⁷ See Arizona legislative history for Prop 207.
⁹⁸ Arizona Revised Jury Instructions (RAJI), Criminal, 2024.
⁹⁹ Compiled from official state court jury instruction publications.
¹⁰⁰ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, “The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids,” 2017.
¹⁰¹ Id.
¹⁰² See conclusions from NHTSA, AAA, and National Academies of Sciences reports.
¹⁰³ Id.
¹⁰⁴ Marijuana Policy Project (MPP), “Marijuana and DUI Laws: An Overview,” 2024.
¹⁰⁵ Id.
¹⁰⁶ Drug Policy Alliance, “Rethinking ‘Drugged Driving’,” 2017.